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ʻO ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ka mercury mai ka ʻeli gula a me nā mea liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ma ka ʻaoʻao hema ma mua o ka puhi ʻana i ka lanahu ma ke ʻano he kumu nui loa o ka mercury. Ua loaʻa i nā mines gula nā mea hoʻokomo mercury kiʻekiʻe loa, me ka nui o ka nui a me ka methylmercury i ka lewa, nā lau canopy, a me ka lepo. Ma ʻaneʻi, hōʻike mākou no ka manawa mua i nā canopies ululāʻau paʻa kokoke i nā mines gula artisanal intercept nui ka nui o nā ʻāpana a me ke kinoea mercury ma nā kumukūʻai like. i ka nui o ka lau. Hoʻopaʻa mākou i ka hōʻiliʻili nui o ka mercury i loko o ka lepo, biomass a me nā manu mele e noho ana ma kekahi o nā ʻāina mālama ʻia a waiwai nui o nā olaola o Amazon, e hāpai ana i nā nīnau koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka hoʻohaumia ʻana o ka mercury i nā hana hoʻōla hou a me ka wā e hiki mai ana i kēia nīnau kaiaola kaiaola. .
Ke ulu nei ka pilikia no nā kaiaola kaiaola ululāʻau, ʻo ia ka ʻeli gula liʻiliʻi a me ka ʻeli gula liʻiliʻi (ASGM). Aia kēia ʻano o ka ʻeli gula ma nā ʻāina ʻoi aku ma mua o 70, pinepine ʻole ʻia a i ʻole ke kānāwai, a ʻo ia ka 20% o ka hana gula o ka honua1. ʻOiai ʻo ASGM He mea ola nui ia no na kaiaulu o ka aina, he hopena ia i ka hoopau nui ana o ka ululaau2,3, ka huli nui ana o na ululaau i loko o ka loko4, ka nui o ka sediment content ma na muliwai kokoke5,6, a he mea kokua nui ia i ka ea honua Ka hoopuka ana o ka mercury (Hg) a me ka nui loa. nā kumu o ka wai maʻemaʻe 7. Nui nā wahi ASGM i hoʻoikaika ʻia ma nā wahi wela o nā olaola like ʻole o ka honua, ka hopena o ka nalowale o nā ʻano like ʻole8, ka nalowale o nā ʻano ʻano maʻalahi9 a me nā kānaka10,11,12 a me nā mea ʻaihue apex13, 14 kiʻekiʻe ka ʻike ʻana i ka mercury. He 675-1000 tons o Hoʻololi ʻia ka Hg yr-1 a hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka lewa honua mai nā hana ASGM i kēlā me kēia makahiki 7. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka nui o ka mercury e nā mea hana lima a me nā mea liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi gula ua hoʻololi i nā kumu nui.ʻO ka hoʻokuʻuʻana o ka mercury mai ka'ākau o ka honua a hiki i ka hema o ka honua, me nā hopena no ka hopena o ka mercury, ka laweʻana a me ka hoʻolahaʻana.
Ua komo ka International Minamata Convention on Mercury i ka mana ma 2017, a me ka Paukū 7 e pili ana i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ka mercury mai ka mining gula a me ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi. ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ke gula a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka mercury elemental gaseous (GEM; Hg0) i ka lewa. ʻOiai kēia me nā hana a nā hui e like me ka United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Global Mercury Partnership, ka United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) a me nā NGO e paipai. nā miners e hōʻemi i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka mercury. Ma kēia kākau ʻana i ka makahiki 2021, 132 mau ʻāina, me Peru, ua pūlima i ka Minamata Convention a ua hoʻomaka i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hoʻolālā hana aupuni no ka hoʻoponopono pono ʻana i nā hōʻemi o ka mercury e pili ana i ka ASGM. e komo pū, hoʻomau a holistic, e noʻonoʻo ana i nā mea hoʻokele socioeconomic a me nā pōʻino kaiapuni15,16,17,18.ʻO nā manaʻo o kēia manawa e hoʻoponopono i nā hopena o ka mercury i loko o ke kaiapuni e nānā i nā pilikia mercury e pili ana i ka ʻeli gula lima a me ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi kokoke i nā kaiaola wai, e pili ana i nā miners a me nā poʻe e noho kokoke ana i ke ahi amalgam, a me nā kaiāulu e hoʻopau i ka nui o nā iʻa predatory .Occupational mercury exposure ma o ka inhalation o ka mahu meka mai ka kuni ana i ka amalgam, ka meaʻai me ka mercury ike ma o ka ai ana i ka iʻa, a me ka mercury bioaccumulation i loko o ka wai punawelewele meaʻai i ka manaʻo nui o ka ASGM-pili 'epekema noiʻi, me ka Amazon.Nā haʻawina mua (e laʻa, e ʻike iā Lodenius a me Malm19).
Hiki i nā kaiaola Terrestrial ke loaʻa ka mercury mai ASGM.Atmospheric Hg i hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai ASGM no ka mea hiki iā GEM ke hoʻi i ka ʻāina honua ma o ʻekolu ala nui20 (Fig. ili;Hiki ke hoʻopili ponoʻia ka GEM e nā mea kanu a hoʻokomo i loko o kā lākou mau kiko;ʻO ka hope loa, hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻo GEM i nā ʻano Hg (II), hiki ke hoʻomaloʻo ʻia, hoʻopili ʻia i loko o nā ʻāpana o ka lewa, a i ʻole i loko o ka wai ua. Ua hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka wet e nā kahe mercury i loko o ka sediment i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma nā wahi ākea. Hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia ka deposition maloʻo e like me ka huina o ka kahe o ka mercury i loko o ka lepo a me ke kahe o ka mercury i ka hāʻule e hoʻemi i ka kahe o ka mercury i ka ua. ua kākau i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka mercury ma nā kaiaola honua a me ka wai i kahi kokoke i ka hana ASGM (e nānā, no ka laʻana, ka papa hōʻuluʻulu ma Gerson et al. 22), ma muli paha o ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka mercury sedimentary a me ka hoʻokuʻu pololei ʻana i ka mercury. ʻO ka waiho ʻana o ka mercury kokoke i ka ASGM ma muli paha o ke ahi ʻana o ka amalgam gula mercury, ʻaʻole maopopo i ke ʻano o ka lawe ʻia ʻana o kēia Hg ma ka ʻāina āpau a me ke koʻikoʻi pili o nā waiho ʻokoʻa.al ala kokoke i ka ASGM.
Hiki ke waiho ʻia ka Mercury e like me ke kinoea elemental mercury (GEM; Hg0) i loko o ka ʻāina ma o nā ala lewa ʻekolu. ʻO ka lua, hiki i nā GEM ke hoʻopili i nā mea ʻokoʻa o ka lewa (Hgp), i hoʻopili ʻia e nā lau a holoi ʻia i ka ʻāina ma o nā wailele me ka ionic Hg. ʻO ka ʻāina e like me ka lepo.
Manaʻo mākou e emi iho ka nui o ka mercury me ka mamao mai nā kumu hoʻoheheʻe mercury. No ka mea, ʻelua o nā ala ʻekolu o ka waiho ʻana i ka mercury i loko o nā ʻāina (ma ka hāʻule a me ka lepo) e hilinaʻi ʻia i ka pilina mercury me nā mea kanu, hiki iā mākou ke wānana i ka nui o ka mercury. waiho ʻia i loko o nā kaiaola a me ke ʻano koʻikoʻi o nā holoholona ʻO ka hopena o ka hopena e hoʻoholo ʻia e ke ʻano o nā mea kanu, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e ka nānā ʻana i nā ululāʻau boreal a me nā ululāʻau maʻamau ma nā latitu akau. ʻAʻole i ʻike maopopo ʻia ka nui o nā ala hoʻoheheʻe mercury i loko o kēia kaiaola, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ululāʻau kokoke i nā kumu hoʻoheheʻe mercury, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ka ikaika o ia mea ma nā ululāʻau boreal. ke aʻo ʻana, nīnau mākou i kēia mau nīnau: (1) Pehea e hana ai ke kinoea elemental mercury concentrations aʻokoʻa nā ala hoʻopaʻa me ka pili o ka ASGM a me ka helu ʻāpana lau o ka canopy āpau?(2) Ua pili anei ka mālama ʻana i ka mercury lepo me nā mea hoʻokomo o ka lewa? ʻO ia ka mea mua e nānā i nā mea hoʻokomo mercury deposition kokoke i ka hana ASGM a pehea e pili ai ka uhi uhi canopy me kēia mau hiʻohiʻona, a ʻo ka mea mua e ana i ka methylmercury (MeHg) i loko o ka ʻāina Amazon Peruvian. ʻO ka mercury a me ka methylmercury i nā lau, nā ʻōpala, a me ka lepo i loko o ka ululāʻau a me nā wahi i hoʻopau ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao o 200-kilomita o ka muliwai ʻo Madre de Dios ma ka hema hema o Peru. nā mea e hoʻokele ana i ka Hg o ka lewa (GEM) a me ka wai Hg deposition (kiʻekiʻe ka ua).ee canopy structure,21,24 makou manao no hoi e loaa i na wahi ululaau ka nui o ka mercury inputs ma mua o na wahi e pili ana i ka wao nahele, i haawiia i ka nui o ka lau a me ka hiki ke hopu i ka mercury, One point is very worrying.Intact Amazon Forest.We further hypothesized that fauna ʻO ka noho ʻana ma nā ululāʻau kokoke i nā kūlanakauhale eli ʻana, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka mercury ma mua o nā holoholona e noho mamao ana mai nā wahi eli.
Ua hana ʻia kā mākou mau noiʻi ma ka ʻāina ʻo Madre de Dios ma ka ʻaoʻao hema hema o Peruvian Amazon, kahi i ʻoi aku ma mua o 100,000 mau ʻeka o ka ululāʻau i hoʻopau ʻia e hana i ka ASGM3 alluvial e pili ana i, a i kekahi manawa i loko, nā ʻāina pale a me nā mālama aupuni. Ua piʻi nui ka ʻeli ʻana ma nā kahawai ma kēia ʻāpana komohana o Amazon i nā makahiki he 25 i hala aku nei a ua manaʻo ʻia e hoʻonui ʻia me nā kumukūʻai gula kiʻekiʻe a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka pilina i nā kikowaena kūlanakauhale ma o nā alanui transoceanic E hoʻomau ʻia nā hana 3. Ua koho mākou i ʻelua mau wahi me ka ʻole o ka mining (Boca Manu a me Chilive). , ma kahi o 100 a me 50 km mai ASGM, kēlā me kēia) - ua kapa ʻia ma hope aku he "mau wahi mamao" - a ʻekolu mau wahi i loko o ka ʻāina eli - ma hope i kapa ʻia ʻo "mau wahi mamao" wahi mining" (Fig. 2A). Aia nā wahi i loko o ka ululāʻau lua kokoke i nā kūlanakauhale ʻo Boca Colorado a me La Bellinto, a aia kahi kahua eli ma kahi ululāʻau ulu kahiko ma ka Los Amigos Conservation Hoʻokuʻu. E hoʻomanaʻo ma nā mines Boca Colorado a me Laberinto o ka lua, ʻike pinepine ʻia ka mahu mercury i hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka amalgam mercury-gula, akā ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ka wahi a me ka nui no ka mea he mau hana maʻamau a hūnā ʻia kēia mau hana;e hoʻohui mākou i ka mining a me ka mercury Alloy combustion i hui pū ʻia ma ke ʻano he "ASGM activity". Ma kēlā me kēia kahua, hoʻokomo mākou i nā mea hoʻohālike sediment i nā kau maloʻo a me ka ua i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana (nā wahi hoʻopau i ka ulu lāʻau me ka ʻole o nā mea kanu lāʻau) a ma lalo o nā kumu lāʻau (ka ululāʻau. mau wahi) no ka huina o ekolu hanana kau (kekahi mau 1- 2 mahina) ) Wet deposition a me ke komo kulu ua ohi kaawale, a passive ea samplers ua deployed i loko o ke ākea e ohi GEM.The makahiki e hiki mai ana, ma muli o ka deposition kiʻekiʻe. Ua ana ʻia nā kumukūʻai i ka makahiki mua, ua hoʻokomo mākou i nā ʻohi ʻohi ma nā ʻāpana ulu lāʻau ʻeono ma Los Amigos.
Hōʻike ʻia nā palapala ʻāina o nā helu ʻelima e like me nā pōʻai melemele. Aia nā wahi ʻelua (Boca Manu, Chilive) ma nā wahi mamao loa mai ka ʻeli gula lima lima, a ʻekolu mau wahi (Los Amigos, Boca Colorado a me Laberinto) aia ma nā wahi i hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka ʻeli ʻana. , me nā kūlanakauhale eli i hōʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he huinakolu polū. Hōʻike ke kiʻi i kahi maʻamau maʻamau o ka ululāʻau a me nā wahi i hoʻopau ʻia e ka mining. 'ākau). i ka ua i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i loko o ka ululāʻau (boxplot ʻōmaʻomaʻo) a me ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka ululāʻau (brown boxplot) i ka wā maloʻo o 2018. No nā pahu pahu āpau, hōʻike nā laina i ka waena, hōʻike nā pahu Q1 a me Q3, hōʻike ka ʻumikū i 1.5 mau manawa o ka laulā interquartile (n =5 mau laʻana kūʻokoʻa no kēlā me kēia kahua ulu lāʻau, n = 4 mau laʻana kūʻokoʻa no ka laʻana o ka wahi deforestation.ʻeleʻele ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo triangle hōʻailona, kēlā me kēia) a mai ka ʻōpala nui ma ka ʻāina (ke axis ʻākau; nā hōʻailona pōʻai ʻoliva ʻōmaʻomaʻo). n = 1 laʻana kūʻokoʻa no ka ʻōpala).E ʻO ka nui o ka mercury i loko o ka topsoil (luna 0-5 cm) i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i loko o ka ululāʻau (boxplot ʻōmaʻomaʻo) a me ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka ululāʻau (brown boxplot) nā wahi i ka wā maloʻo o 2018 (n = 3 mau mea hoʻohālike kūʻokoʻa ma kēlā me kēia kahua. ). Hōʻike ʻia ka ʻikepili no nā kau ʻē aʻe ma ke Kiʻi 1. S1 a me S2.
Ua kūlike nā ʻike o ka mercury atmospheric (GEM) me kā mākou wānana, me nā waiwai kiʻekiʻe e pili ana i ka hana ASGM-ʻoi aku ma kahi o nā kūlanakauhale e puhi ana i ka Hg-gula amalgam-a me nā waiwai haʻahaʻa ma nā wahi mamao loa mai nā wahi eli ikaika (Fig. 2B). nā wahi mamao, GEM hoʻopaʻa 'ia ma lalo o ka global awelika kāʻei kua i loko o ka hemisphere hema o ma kahi o 1 ng m-326. I ka like ole, GEM noonoo ma na mea a pau ekolu mines ua 2-14 manawa kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka mamao mines, a me ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana i nā mines kokoke ( a hiki i ka 10.9 ng m-3) ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka poʻe ma ke kūlanakauhale a me ke kaona, a i kekahi manawa ua ʻoi aku ma mua o ka US, Industrial Zones ma Kina a me Korea 27. ʻO kēia kumu GEM ma Madre de Dios e kūlike me ka mercury-gula amalgam e like me ke ahi. ʻO ke kumu nui o ka mercury lewa kiʻekiʻe ma kēia wahi mamao Amazon.
ʻOiai ʻo ka nui o ka nui o ka mercury i loko o nā wailele e pili ana i ka kokoke i ka mining a me ka ululāʻau ulu lāʻau. ʻO ka nui o ka mercury i loko o nā ululāʻau oʻo i loko o ka eli (Fig. 2C). Loaʻa i ka Los Amigos Conservation Conservation ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa o ka nui o ka mercury i ke kau maloʻo (ka laulā: 18-61 ng L-1) i hōʻike ʻia ma ka palapala a ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia. i nā pae i ana ʻia ma nā wahi i hoʻohaumia ʻia e ka mining cinnabar a me ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka lanahu ʻoihana.ʻOkoʻa, 28 ma Guizhou, Kina. I ko mākou ʻike, ʻo kēia mau waiwai ke hōʻike nei i ka nui o ka nui o ka nui o ka mercury fluxes makahiki i helu ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka nui o ka mercury maloʻo a me ka wai wai a me ka nui o ka ua (71 µg m-2 yr-1; Papa Hoʻohui 1). ʻAʻole i kiʻekiʻe nā pae kiʻekiʻe o ka mercury i nā wahi ʻelua ʻē aʻe i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā wahi mamao (ka laulā: 8-31 ng L-1; 22-34 µg m-2 yr-1). ua piʻi aʻe ka manaʻo o ka manganese ma ka ʻāina eli, ma muli paha o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka ʻāina e pili ana i ka eli;ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa nā mea ʻē aʻe a pau i ana ʻia ma waena o ka mining a me nā wahi mamao (Supplementary Data File 1), kahi ʻike e kūlike me ka lau mercury dynamics 29 a me ASGM amalgam combustion, ma mua o ka lepo ea, ʻo ke kumu nui o ka mercury i ka hāʻule ʻana. .
Ma waho aʻe o ka lawelawe ʻana ma ke ʻano he adsorbents no ka mercury particulate a me ke kinoea, hiki i nā lau mea kanu ke hoʻopili pololei a hoʻohui i ka GEM i loko o nā tissues30,31. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ma nā wahi kokoke i ka hana ASGM, ʻo ka ʻōpala kahi kumu nui o ka hoʻoheheʻe mercury. –0.22 µg g−1) ana i loko o nā lau canopy ola mai nā wahi ʻeli ʻekolu a pau i ʻoi aku ma mua o nā waiwai i paʻi ʻia no nā ululāʻau maʻamau, boreal, a me nā alpine ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau, ʻEulopa, a me ʻAsia, a me nā ululāʻau Amazonian ma ʻAmelika Hema. aia ma ʻAmelika Hema.ʻO nā wahi mamao a me nā kumu kiko kokoke 32, 33, 34. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā concentrations me nā mea i hōʻike ʻia no ka mercury foliar i nā ululāʻau subtropical i hui pū ʻia ma Kina a me nā nahele ʻAkelanika ma Brazil (Fig. 2D) 32,33,34. Ma muli o ke ʻano GEM, ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa. Ua ana ʻia ka nui o ka nui o ka mercury i loko o nā ʻōpala nui a me nā lau canopy ma nā ululāʻau lua i loko o ka ʻāina eli. hōʻike ʻia ʻo Peruvian Amazon 35 e ka Hg i ana ʻia i ka litter (awelika ma waena o nā kau maloʻo a me nā kau maloʻo) (Fig. 3A).
Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻikepili ma ka ululāʻau A a me ka wahi hoʻopau ulu lāʻau B. ʻO nā wahi i hoʻopau ʻia o Los Amigos he mau wahi hoʻomaʻemaʻe kahua e hana i kahi hapa liʻiliʻi o ka ʻāina holoʻokoʻa. luna 0-5 knm o ka lepo, hōʻike ʻia nā loko e like me nā pōʻai a hōʻike ʻia i ka μg m-2. ʻO ka pākēneka e hōʻike ana i ka pākēneka o ka mercury i loaʻa i loko o ka loko wai a i ʻole ka flux i ke ʻano o ka methylmercury. ʻO ka ʻike ma waena o nā kau maloʻo (2018 a me 2019) a me nā kau ua (2018) no ka nui o ka mercury ma o ka ua, ka nui o ka ua, a me ka ʻōpala, no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o nā ukana mercury. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻikepili Methylmercury ma ke kau maloʻo 2018, ʻo ia wale nō ka makahiki i ana ʻia. no ka 'ike e pili ana i ka houluulu ana a me ka helu ana.ʻO ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ka mercury o ka ʻili honua no nā wahi ʻelima o ka ululāʻau (nā pōʻai ʻōmaʻomaʻo) a me ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā ululāʻau (nā huinakolu brown), e like me ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana o nā huinahā liʻiliʻi maʻamau (hōʻike nā pahu hewa i ka ʻokoʻa maʻamau).
Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻikepili no ka wā lōʻihi a me ka ʻōpala, ua hiki iā mākou ke ana i nā ana o ke komo ʻana a me ka ʻōpala mercury maʻi mai nā hoʻolaha ʻekolu e hāʻawi i kahi kuhi o ka kahe o ka mercury lewa makahiki no ka Los Amigos Conservation Concession (ke komo + litter amount + precipitation) no Ua ʻike mākou ua ʻoi aku ka nui o ka mercury o ka lewa i nā mālama ulu lāʻau e pili ana i ka hana ASGM ma mua o 15 mau manawa kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā wahi i hoʻopau ʻia a puni (137 versus 9 µg Hg m-2 yr-1; Kiʻi 3 A,B). ʻO kēia mua. ʻoi aku ka manaʻo o nā pae mercury ma Los Amigos ma mua o ka hōʻike ʻana i ka mercury fluxes kokoke i nā kumu kumu o ka mercury i loko o nā ululāʻau ma ʻAmelika ʻAmelika a me ʻEulopa (e laʻa, ke ahi lanahu), a ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā waiwai ma Kina 21,36 . Ua haʻi ʻia a pau, ma kahi o 94 ʻO ka % o ka nui o ka waiho ʻana o ka mercury i loko o nā ululāʻau pale o Los Amigos e hana ʻia e ka waiho maloʻo (ke komo ʻana + litter - precipitation mercury), he haʻawina ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka hapa nui o nā mea ʻē aʻe.Hōʻike kēia mau hopena i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka mercury e komo ana i nā ululāʻau ma o ka waiho maloʻo ʻana mai ka ASGM a me ke koʻikoʻi o ka ululāʻau i ka wehe ʻana i ka mercury i loaʻa mai i ka ASGM mai ka lewa. ʻAʻole kū hoʻokahi ka hana ma Peru.
ʻO ka ʻokoʻa, ʻo nā wahi i hoʻoneʻe ʻia ma nā wahi eli he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ka nui o ka mercury, ma muli o ka ua nui, me ka liʻiliʻi o ka mercury i hoʻokomo ʻia ma o ka hāʻule ʻana a me ka lepo. ʻO ka nui o ka mercury i ka wā maloʻo, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā waiwai i hōʻike mua ʻia ma nā Adirondacks o New York37 a ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā wahi mamao ma Amazonian38. No laila, ua emi ka nui o ka ua o Hg (8.6-21.5 µg Hg m-2 yr-1) ma kahi e pili ana i ka wao nahele i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka GEM, through-drop and litter concentration patterns of the mining site, a ʻAʻole ia e noʻonoʻo kokoke i ka hana ʻana. .No ka mea e koi ana ka ASGM i ka hoopau nahelehele, 2,3 na wahi i hoomaemaeia kahi i hookuonoonoia ai na hana eli, ua emi iho na mea komo mercury mai ka waiho ana o ka lewa ma mua o na wahi ululaau kokoke, oiai nae na hoopuka pololei ole ka lewa o ASGM (pēlā as elemental mercury spills or tailings) hiki ke kiʻekiʻe loa.Kiʻekiʻe 22.
ʻO nā hoʻololi o ka mercury fluxes i ʻike ʻia ma Peruvian Amazon e alakaʻi ʻia e nā ʻokoʻa nui i loko a ma waena o nā wahi i ka wā maloʻo (ka ululāʻau a me ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā ululāʻau) (Fig. 2). haʻahaʻa Hg fluxes i ka wā ua (Supplementary Fig. 1). ʻO kēia ʻokoʻa o ke kau (Fig. 2B) ma muli paha o ka kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻeli ʻana a me ka hana lepo i ka wā maloʻo. hana, ma laila e hoʻonui ai i ka nui o nā ʻāpana lewa e hoʻomoʻa i ka mercury. ʻO ka Mercury a me ka hana lepo i ka wā maloʻo e hiki ke kōkua i ke ʻano o ka mercury flux i loko o ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka ulu lāʻau i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā wahi ulu lāʻau o ka Los Amigos Conservation Concession.
I ka waiho ʻia ʻana o nā mea hoʻokomo mercury mai ASGM ma Peruvian Amazon i loko o nā kaiaola honua ma o ka launa pū ʻana me ka ululāʻau ululāʻau, ua hoʻāʻo mākou inā ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka nui o nā kumulāʻau lāʻau (ʻo ia hoʻi, ka helu wahi lau) e alakaʻi i nā hoʻokomo mercury kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka Conservation Concession, ua hōʻiliʻili mākou i ka hāʻule hāʻule mai 7 mau ʻāpana ululāʻau me nā ʻāpana canopy. ). He nui nā mea hoʻololi ʻē aʻe e hoʻopili i ka hoʻokomo mercury ma o ka hāʻule ʻana, e like me ka makahiki o ka lau34, ka ʻeleʻele o ka lau, ka mānoanoa stomatal, ka wikiwiki o ka makani39, ka haunaele, ka mahana, a me nā wā maloʻo.
E like me ka helu kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka mercury, ʻo ka topsoil (0-5 cm) o ke kahua nahele ʻo Los Amigos i loaʻa ka nui o ka nui o ka mercury (140 ng g-1 i ke kau maloʻo 2018; Fig. 2E). i hoʻonui ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻāina kūpaʻa a pau i ana ʻia (ma kahi o 138–155 ng g-1 ma kahi hohonu o 45 knm; Hoʻohui Fig. 3). he kaona mining (Boca Colorado). Ma keia kahua, ua kuhi makou i ka nui loa o ka ikehu ma muli o ka hoʻohaumia ʻana o ka ʻeleʻele mercury i ka wā o ka hui ʻana, no ka mea, ʻaʻole i piʻi aʻe ka nui ma ka hohonu (>5 knm). nalo i ka pakele ana mai ka lepo ('o ia hoʻi ka mercury i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka lewa) ma muli o ka uhi ʻana o ka canopy he haʻahaʻa loa paha ma nā wahi ulu lāʻau ma mua o nā wahi i hoʻoneʻe ʻia40, e manaʻo ana he hapa nui o ka mercury i waiho ʻia i ka mālama.Noho ka wahi i ka lepo. He 9100 μg Hg m-2 i loko o ka 5 cm mua a ma luna o 80,000 μg Hg m-2 i loko o ka nahele mua o ka Los Amigos Conservation.
Ma muli o ka hoʻomoʻa mua ʻana o nā lau i ka mercury lewa, ma mua o ka mercury lepo,30,31 a laila lawe i kēia mercury i loko o ka lepo ma ka hāʻule ʻana, hiki i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka waiho ʻana o ka mercury ke alakaʻi i nā kumu i ʻike ʻia i ka lepo. Ua loaʻa iā mākou kahi pilina ikaika ma waena o ka huina ka nui o ka mercury i loko o ka lepo luna a me ka nui o ka mercury ma nā wahi ulu lāʻau a pau, akā, ʻaʻohe pilina ma waena o ka mercury topsoil a me ka nui o ka nui o ka mercury i ka ua kaumaha ma nā wahi deforested (Fig. 3D). ka nui o nā kahe o ka mercury ma nā wahi ulu lāʻau, akā ʻaʻole ma nā wahi e hoʻopau i ka ululāʻau (nā loko mercury topsoil a me ka nui o ka ua.
ʻO nā haʻawina a pau e pili ana i ka pollury mercury terrestrial e pili ana me ASGM ua kaupalena ʻia i nā ana o ka mercury holoʻokoʻa, akā ʻo ka methylmercury concentrations e hoʻoholo ai i ka bioavailability mercury a me ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā meaʻai ma hope aʻe. Manaʻo maʻamau he haʻahaʻa ko ka ʻāina kiʻekiʻe o ka methylmercury. Akā naʻe, no ka manawa mua, ua hoʻopaʻa mākou i ke ana ʻana o ka MeHg ma nā ʻāina Amazonian kokoke i nā ASGM, e hōʻike ana e ʻoi aku ka nui o ka MeHg kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā kaiaola wai a i loko o nā kaiapuni honua i loko o kēia mau wahi i hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka ASGM. , me nā mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka wā ua.ʻO ka lepo a me nā mea maloʻo a puni ka makahiki. ʻO ka nui o ka methylmercury i loko o ka lepo i ka wā maloʻo 2018 i loaʻa i ʻelua mau ululāʻau o ka mine (Boca Colorado a me Los Amigos Reserve; 1.4 ng MeHg g−1, 1.4% Hg as MeHg a me 1.1 ng MeHg g−1, ma ka 0.79% Hg (e like me MeHg) No ka mea, ua like keia mau pakeneka o ka mercury ma ke ano o ka methylmercury me na wahi honua honua e ae (Supplementary Fig. ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka helu Mercury a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mālama ʻana i ka nui o ka mercury i loko o ka lepo, ma mua o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ʻupena o ka mercury inorganic i loaʻa i ka methylmercury (Supplementary Fig. 5). Wahi a nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe, ua hōʻike ʻia ka hana ʻana o ka methylmercury kiʻekiʻe ma nā ʻāina wai a me nā ʻāina maloʻo43,44 a ke manaʻo nei mākou he kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka methylmercury i loko o ka ululāʻau kokoke i ka wā a me nā ʻāina pulu mau e ʻike ai.nā ukana mercury like.ʻOiai ʻo ka methylmercury ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia inā loaʻa ka pōʻino o ka holoholona hihiu ma kahi kokoke i nā hana eli gula, akā ʻo kēia mau ululāʻau kokoke i nā hana ASGM he mau wahi wela no ka bioaccumulation mercury ma nā pūnaewele meaʻai honua.
ʻO ka manaʻo nui a me ka mea hou o kā mākou hana, ʻo ia ka palapala ʻana i ka lawe ʻana i ka nui o ka mercury i loko o nā ululāʻau e pili ana i ka ASGM. ʻO kā mākou ʻikepili e hōʻike ana e loaʻa ana kēia mercury i loko, a neʻe i loko, nā pūnaewele meaʻai terrestrial. mālama ʻia i loko o ka biomass a me ka lepo a hiki paha ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ʻāina4 a me ke ahi o ka nahele 45,46. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao hema hema o Peruvian Amazon kekahi o nā kaiaolaola nui loa o nā ʻauhau vertebrate a me nā iniseti ma ka Honua. High structural complexity within intact ancient tropical hoʻolaha nā ululāʻau i ka ʻano like ʻole o nā manu48 a hāʻawi i nā niches no kahi ākea o nā ʻano e noho ana i ka nahele 49. ʻO ka hopena, ʻoi aku ma mua o 50% o ka ʻāina ʻo Madre de Dios i koho ʻia ma ke ʻano he ʻāina palekana a i ʻole he ʻāina mālama ʻāina50. ʻO ke kaomi ʻana o ka honua e hoʻomalu i ka hana ASGM i ke kānāwai. Ua ulu nui ʻo Tambopata National Reserve i nā makahiki he ʻumi i hala, e alakaʻi ana i kahi hana hoʻokō nui (Operación Mercurio) e ke aupuni Peruviani ka makahiki 2019. Akā naʻe, ke hōʻike nei kā mākou ʻike i ka paʻakikī o nā ululāʻau i lalo o ke olaola o Amazonian e hoʻopilikia loa i ka ʻāina i ka hoʻouka ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i ka mercury i nā ʻāina me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka mercury e pili ana i ka ASGM, e alakaʻi ana i nā kahe mercury honua ma o ka wai.ʻO ke ana kiʻekiʻe i hōʻike ʻia o ka nui e pili ana i kā mākou mau koho mua o nā kahe wai mercury kiʻekiʻe i nā ululāʻau paʻa kokoke i ASGM. kokoke i ka hana ASGM, me nā ʻāpana pale, no laila ua kūlike kēia mau hopena me nā ululāʻau i pale ʻole ʻia.Ua like nā ululāʻau i pale ʻia. No laila, ʻaʻole pili wale nā pilikia o ka ASGM i nā ʻāina mercury i ka lawe pololei ʻana mai o ka mercury ma o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka lewa, nā kahe, a me nā huelo, akā i ka hiki ʻana o ka ʻāina ke hopu, mālama, a hoʻololi i ka mercury i ʻoi aku ka bioavailable. palapala.pili i ka potential.methylmercury, e hōʻike ana i nā hopena ʻokoʻa ma nā loko mercury honua a me nā holoholona hihiu honua ma muli o ka uhi o ka nahele kokoke i ka mining.
Ma ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka mercury lewa, hiki i nā ululāʻau paʻa kokoke i ka ʻeli gula a me ka liʻiliʻi ke hōʻemi i ka pilikia o ka mercury i nā kaiaola wai kokoke a me nā waihona wai mercury lewa honua. kaiaola ma o ke ahi o ka nahele, pakele a/ai ole ka holo ana45, 46, 51, 52, 53. Ma ka Amazon Peruvian, ma kahi o 180 tons o ka mercury i hoʻohana ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki ma ASGM54, a ma kahi o ka hapahā i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka lewa55, hāʻawi ʻia i ka Conservation Concession. ma Los Amigos. ʻO kēia wahi ma kahi o 7.5 mau manawa ka nui o ka ʻāpana o ka ʻāina i mālama ʻia a me nā mālama kūlohelohe ma ka ʻāina ʻo Madre de Dios (e pili ana i 4 miliona mau ʻeka), ʻo ia ka hapa nui o ka ʻāina i mālama ʻia ma nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe o Peru, a ʻo kēia mau mea. nā wahi nui o ka ʻāina ululāʻau paʻa.Ma waho o ka radius deposition o ASGM a me mercury. No laila, ʻaʻole lawa ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka mercury i nā ululāʻau paʻa e pale aku i ka mercury i loaʻa mai i ka ASGM mai ke komo ʻana i nā loko mercury lewa a me ke ao holoʻokoʻa, e hōʻike ana i ke koʻikoʻi o ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka ASGM mercury emissions. ʻO ka hopena o ka nui nui o ʻO ka mercury i mālama ʻia i loko o nā ʻōnaehana honua e hoʻopili nui ʻia e nā kulekele mālama.
ʻOiai inā hiki i nā ululāʻau ke hoʻokuʻu i nā mercury a pau i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o nā ululāʻau wela, ʻaʻole ia he panacea no ka hoʻohaumia ʻana i ka mercury, no ka mea, hiki i nā pūnaewele meaʻai honua ke pilikia i ka mercury. ʻO nā ana o nā waihona mercury terrestrial a me ka methylmercury lepo e hōʻike ana e hiki i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mercury i loko o ka lepo a me ka methylmercury kiʻekiʻe ke hoʻonui i ka ʻike i ka poʻe e noho ana i kēia mau ululāʻau.ʻO nā pilikia no nā mea kūʻai kiʻekiʻe o ka meaʻai.Ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻikepili mai nā haʻawina mua e pili ana i ka bioaccumulation mercury honua ma nā ululāʻau mahana e pili ana ka nui o ka mercury i loko o nā manu me ka nui o ka mercury i loko o nā sediment, a ʻo nā manu mele e ʻai ana i nā meaʻai i loaʻa loa mai ka ʻāina e hōʻike i ka nui o ka mercury Piʻi ʻia 56,57. Hoʻopili ʻia ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka mercury i nā manu mele. me ka ho'ēmiʻana i ka hana hānau hānau a me ka holomua, ho'ēmi i ke ola o nā keiki, hoʻopilikia i ka uluʻana, nā hoʻololi o ka hana, ke kaumaha o ke kino, a me ka make58,59. i nā manu a me nā mea olaola ʻē aʻe, me nā hopena ʻino. He mea pili loa kēia no ka mea he wahi wela ka honua holoʻokoʻa. lakou.Formalizing ASGM activitiʻO ka es15,16 paha he ʻano hana e hōʻoia ai ʻaʻole e hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻāina pale.
No ka nānā ʻana inā komo ka mercury i loko o kēia mau wahi ulu lāʻau i ka pūnaewele meaʻai honua, ua ana mākou i ka hulu huelo o kekahi mau manu mele kamaʻāina mai ka Los Amigos Reserve (i hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka ʻeli ʻana) a me ka Cocha Cashu Biological Station (nā manu kahiko i hoʻopilikia ʻole ʻia).ʻO ka nui o ka mercury concentration.growth forest), 140 km mai ko mākou ʻaoʻao ʻoi loa o Bokamanu sampling site. Ua hoʻomau ke kumu me ka nānā ʻole i nā hana hānai, ʻoiai ua komo kā mākou laʻana i ka understory anti-eater Myrmotherula axillaris, ka anti-eater Phlegopsis nigromaculata, a me ka mea ʻai hua Pipra fasciicauda (1.8 [n = 10] vs. 0.9 μg g−1 [n = 2], 4.1 [n = 10] vs. 1.4 μg g-1 [n = 2], 0.3 [n = 46] vs. 0.1 μg g-1 [n = 2]). No ka 10 Phlegopsis nigromaculata ʻO nā kānaka i hōʻike ʻia ma Los Amigos, 3 ma mua o EC10 (kūpono kūpono no ka hōʻemi ʻana o 10% i ka kūleʻa hānau hānau), 3 ma mua o EC20, 1 ma mua o EC30 (e ʻike i nā koina EC ma Evers58), a ʻaʻohe kanaka Cocha ʻO kēlā me kēia ʻano o Cashu ma mua o EC10. ʻike ʻia, me ka awelika o ka mercury ʻoi aku ka nui o 2-3 mau manawa i nā manu mele mai nā ululāʻau pale e pili ana i ka hana ASGM,a ʻo ka nui o ka mercury a hiki i ka 12 mau manawa kiʻekiʻe, e hoʻāla i nā hopohopo e hiki ke hoʻohaumia i ka mercury mai ka ASGM i nā pūnaewele meaʻai honua.ʻO kēia mau hopena e hōʻike ana i ke koʻikoʻi o ka pale ʻana i ka hana ASGM ma nā paka ʻāina a me ko lākou mau ʻāpana pale.
Ua ʻohi ʻia nā ʻikepili ma Los Amigos Conservation Concessions (n = 10 no Myrmotherula axillaris [understory invertivore] a me Phlegopsi nigromaculata [ant-following invertivore], n = 46 no Pipra fasciicauda [frugivore]; hōʻailona triangle ʻulaʻula) a me nā wahi mamao ma Cocha Kashu Biological Station (n = 2 no kēlā me kēia ʻano; nā hōʻailona pōʻai ʻōmaʻomaʻo). Hōʻike ʻia nā manaʻo kūpono (ECs) e hōʻemi i ka kūleʻa o ka hānau ʻana ma 10%, 20% a me 30% (e nānā iā Evers58). Nā kiʻi manu i hoʻololi ʻia mai Schulenberg65.
Mai ka makahiki 2012, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o ka ASGM ma Peruvian Amazon ma mua o 40% ma nā wahi i pale ʻia a me 2,25 a ʻoi aku paha ma nā wahi i pale ʻole ʻia. e noho ana i keia mau ululaau, ina paha e oki koke ka poe miners i ka hoohana ana i ka mercury, hiki i na hopena o keia haumia i ka lepo ke mau no na keneturia, me ka hiki ke hoonui i na poho mai ka hoopau ana i ka ululaau a me ke ahi o ka nahele 61,62. No laila, hiki i ka pollution mercury mai ka ASGM ke mau loa. nā hopena i ka biota o nā ululāʻau paʻa e pili ana i ka ASGM, nā pilikia o kēia manawa a me nā pilikia e hiki mai ana ma o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka mercury i nā ululāʻau ulu kahiko me ka waiwai mālama kiʻekiʻe.a me ka hana hou ʻana e hoʻonui i ka hiki ke hoʻohaumia ʻia. ʻO kā mākou ʻike ʻana aia paha ka biota terrestrial i ka nui o ka pilikia o ka hoʻohaumia ʻana i ka mercury mai ASGM pono e hoʻoikaika hou i ka hoʻomau ʻana e hoʻemi i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka mercury mai ASGM. nā ʻōnaehana distillation i ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻokele waiwai a me ka pilikanaka e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka hana a e hōʻemi i nā mea hoʻoikaika waiwai no ka ASGM kānāwai.
Loaʻa iā mākou ʻelima mau kikowaena i loko o 200 km o ke kahawai ʻo Madre de Dios. Ua koho mākou i nā wahi laʻana ma muli o ko lākou kokoke ʻana i ka hana ASGM koʻikoʻi, ma kahi o 50 km ma waena o kēlā me kēia wahi sampling, hiki ke loaʻa ma o ka muliwai ʻo Madre de Dios (Fig. 2A). koho ʻia ʻelua mau wahi me ka ʻole o ka ʻeli ʻana (Boca Manu a me Chilive, ma kahi o 100 a me 50 km mai ASGM, kēlā me kēia), i kapa ʻia ma hope aku he "mau wahi mamao". ʻelua mau wahi eli ma ka ululāʻau lua kokoke i nā kūlanakauhale ʻo Boca Colorado a me Laberinto, a me hoʻokahi kahua eli ma ka ululāʻau kumu paʻa. Los Amigos Protection Concessions. ʻO ka amalgam mercury-gula ka mea i hana pinepine ʻia, akā ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia kahi kikoʻī a me ka nui no ka mea ʻo kēia mau hana he hewa a hūnā;e hoʻohui mākou i ka mining a me ka mercury Alloy combustion i hui pū ʻia ʻo " ASGM activity ". I ka wā maloʻo 2018 (Iulai a me ʻAukake 2018) a me ka wā ua 2018 (Dekemapa 2018) i nā hoʻomaʻemaʻe (nā wahi deforest me ka ʻole o nā mea kanu lāʻau) a Ma lalo o nā kumulāʻau (nā wahi ulu lāʻau), ua hoʻokomo ʻia mākou nā mea hoʻohālike Sediment ma nā kahua ʻelima a ma Ianuali 2019) e hōʻiliʻili i ka waiho ʻana o ka wai (n = 3) a me ka hāʻule ʻana (n = 4), kēlā me kēia. ke kau maloʻo a ʻelua a ʻekolu paha pule i ka wā ua. I ka lua o ka makahiki o ke kau maloʻo sampling (Iulai a me ʻAukake 2019), ua hoʻokomo mākou i nā mea hōʻiliʻili (n = 4) i loko o ʻeono mau ʻāpana ulu lāʻau ma Los Amigos no ʻelima pule, ma muli o ka kiʻekiʻe deposition rates i ana i loko o ka makahiki mua, Aia ka huina o 7 mau ululāʻau a me 1 deforestation aina no Los Amigos. ʻO ka mamao ma waena o nā'āpana he 0.1 a 2.5 km. Ua hōʻiliʻili mākou i hoʻokahi GPS waypoint no ka'āpana me ka hoʻohanaʻana i kahi GPS Garmin paʻa.
Hoʻonoho mākou i nā mea hoʻohālike ea passive no ka mercury ma kēlā me kēia o kā mākou ʻelima mau wahi i ka wā maloʻo 2018 (Iulai-ʻAukake 2018) a me ka wā ua 2018 (Dekemapa 2018-Ianuari 2019) no ʻelua mahina (PAS). i ka wā maloʻo a ua kau ʻia ʻelua mau mea hoʻohālike PAS i ka wā ua. ʻO ka PAS (i hoʻomohala ʻia e McLagan et al. 63) e hōʻiliʻili i ke kinoea elemental mercury (GEM) ma o ka hoʻopuehu passive a me ka adsorption ma luna o kahi sulfur-impregnated carbon sorbent (HGR-AC) ma o a Radiello© diffusion barrier. ʻO ka diffusion barrier o PAS he mea pale e kū'ē i ka heleʻana o nāʻano mercury kinoea kinoea;No laila, ʻo GEM wale nō i hoʻopili ʻia i ke kalapona 64. Ua hoʻohana mākou i nā kaula uwea plastik e hoʻopili i ka PAS i kahi pou ma kahi o 1 m ma luna o ka honua. hōʻiliʻili ʻia ka pā blank a me ka huakaʻi pākaʻi PAS e nānā i ka haumia i hoʻokomo ʻia i ka wā o ka laʻana, ka mālama ʻana i ke kahua, ka waiho ʻana o ka hale hana, a me ka lawe ʻana i nā laʻana.
I ka wā o ka waiho ʻia ʻana o nā wahi hōʻailona ʻelima a pau, ua hoʻonoho mākou i ʻekolu mau ʻohi ua no ka nānā ʻana i ka mercury a me ʻelua mau ʻohi no nā loiloi kemika ʻē aʻe, a me ʻehā mau mea hōʻiliʻili hele no ka nānā ʻana i ka mercury ma ke kahua hoʻopau nahele.ʻOhi, a ʻelua mau ʻohi no nā ananaly kemikala ʻē aʻe. He hoʻokahi mika ka ʻokoʻa o nā mea hōʻiliʻili mai kekahi i kekahi. E hoʻomanaʻo ʻoiai aia mākou i ka helu mau o nā ʻohi i hoʻokomo ʻia ma kēlā me kēia pūnaewele, i loko o kekahi mau manawa hōʻiliʻili, ua liʻiliʻi mākou i nā nui liʻiliʻi ma muli o ke kahe ʻana o ke kahua, kanaka. ke keakea ana i ka poe ohi, a me ka hemahema o ka pilina ma waena o na paipu a me na omole ohi. Ma kela a me keia nahele a me na wahi hoopau nahelehele, he omole 500-mL i loko o kekahi omole 500-mL, a o kekahi omole 250-mL;ʻO nā mea hōʻiliʻili ʻē aʻe a pau no ka nānā ʻana kemika he ʻōmole 250-mL. Ua mālama ʻia kēia mau laʻana i loko o ka pahu hau a hiki i ka manuahi ʻole, a laila hoʻouna ʻia i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa me ka hau, a laila mālama ʻia i ka hau a hiki i ka nānā ʻana. ma o ka styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene block polymer (C-Flex) paipu hou me ka omole polyethylene terephthalate Ester copolyester glycol (PETG) hou me ka loop loop e hana ana me he laka mahu. me 1 mL metala metala waika hydrochloric (HCl) a me 500 mL PETG omole ua acidified me 2 mL trace metala pae HCl. ʻO ka mea hōʻiliʻili no nā anana kemika ʻē aʻe, aia i kahi funnel plastik i hoʻopili ʻia i kahi hue polyethylene ma o ka paipu C-Flex hou me ʻO nā ʻeke aniani a pau, nā ʻōmole plastik a me nā hue polyethylene i holoi ʻia i ka waika ma mua o ka waiho ʻia ʻana.e like me ke anu a hiki i ka hoʻi ʻana i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, a laila mālama ʻia nā laʻana ma 4 ° C a hiki i ka nānā ʻana. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina mua e hoʻohana ana i kēia ʻano he 90-110% ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana no nā blanks laboratory ma lalo o ka palena ʻike a me nā spike maʻamau37.
Ma kēlā me kēia o nā pae ʻelima, ʻohi mākou i nā lau ma ke ʻano he lau, hopu i nā laʻana lau, nā ʻōpala hou, a me nā ʻōpala nui me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka protocols clean-hands-dirty-hands protocol (EPA Method 1669). , Peru, a lawe ʻia i loko o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma lalo o kahi laikini lawe mai USDA. Ua hōʻiliʻili mākou i nā lau canopy mai ʻelua ʻano lāʻau i loaʻa ma nā wahi āpau: kahi ʻano lāʻau e puka mai ana (Ficus insipida) a me kahi kumulāʻau liʻiliʻi (Inga feuilleei). mai nā kumu lāʻau e hoʻohana ana i ka maʻa Notch Big Shot i ka wā maloʻo 2018, ke kau ua 2018, a me ke kau maloʻo 2019 (n = 3 no kēlā me kēia ʻano). nā lālā ma lalo o 2 m ma luna o ka honua i ka wā maloʻo 2018, ke kau ua 2018, a me ke kau maloʻo 2019. I ka makahiki 2019, ua hōʻiliʻili pū mākou i nā laʻana hopu lau (n = 1) mai 6 mau ʻāpana ulu lāʻau ma Los Amigos. ʻōpala hou ("bulk litter") i loko o nā hīnaʻi mesh-lined plastic(n = 5) i ka wā ua 2018 ma nā wahi ulu lāʻau ʻelima a i ka wā maloʻo 2019 ma ka pā Los Amigos (n = 5). , Ua liʻiliʻi ka nui o kā mākou hōʻailona ma muli o ke kahe ʻana o ka pūnaewele a me ke keakea ʻana o ke kanaka me nā ʻohi. ke kau maloʻo 2019. I ke kau maloʻo o 2019, ua hōʻiliʻili pū mākou i ka nui o nā ʻōpala ma nā wahi āpau o Los Amigos. a laila mālama ʻia i ka hau a hiki i ka hana ʻana.
Ua hōʻiliʻili mākou i nā laʻana lepo ma ka ʻekolu (n = 3) mai nā kahua ʻelima a pau (wehe a canopy) a me ka pā Los Amigos i ka wā maloʻo 2019 i nā hanana ʻekolu o nā kau. i hōʻiliʻili i nā laʻana lepo e like me ka topsoil ma lalo o ka papa litter (0-5 cm) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi sampler lepo. Eia kekahi, i ka wā maloʻo 2018, hōʻiliʻili mākou i nā cores lepo a hiki i 45 knm hohonu a māhele iā lākou i ʻelima mau ʻāpana hohonu. Ma Laberinto, hiki iā mākou ke e hōʻiliʻili wale i hoʻokahi ʻaoʻao lepo no ka mea kokoke ka papa wai i ka ʻili o ka lepo. Ua hōʻiliʻili mākou i nā laʻana a pau me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka protocol lima lepo lepo maʻemaʻe (EPA Method 1669). ma ka hau i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, a laila mālama ʻia i ka hau a hiki i ka hana ʻana.
E hoʻohana i nā pūnana noe i hoʻonoho ʻia i ka wanaʻao a me ke ahiahi e hopu i nā manu i nā manawa ʻoluʻolu o ka lā. Ma ka Los Amigos Reserve, ua hoʻonoho mākou i ʻelima mau pūnana noe (1.8 × 2.4) i ʻeiwa mau wahi. Ma ka Cocha Cashu Bio Station, ua kau mākou i 8 a 10 pūnana noe (12 x 3.2 m) ma nā wahi he 19. Ma nā kahua ʻelua, ʻohi mākou i ka hulu huelo waena mua o kēlā me kēia manu, a inā ʻaʻole, ʻo ka hulu kahiko loa. nā moʻolelo paʻi kiʻi a me nā ana morphometric e ʻike i nā ʻano e like me Schulenberg65. Ua kākoʻo ʻia nā haʻawina ʻelua e SERFOR a me ka ʻae mai ka Animal Research Council (IACUC). a me ka Cocha Cashu Biological Station (Myrmotherula axillaris, Phlegopsis nigromaculata, Pipra fasciicauda).
No ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka Leaf Area Index (LAI), ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia ka ʻikepili lidar me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka GatorEye Unmanned Aerial Laboratory, kahi sensor fusion unmanned aerial system. ) 66. Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia ka lidar ma Los Amigos Conservation Conservation i Iune 2019, me ke kiʻekiʻe o 80 m, ka wikiwiki lele o 12 m / s, a me kahi mamao o 100 m ma waena o nā ala e pili ana, no laila ua hiki i ka lateral deviation coverage rate 75. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā helu i puʻunaue ʻia ma luna o ka ʻaoʻao o ka ululāʻau kūpaʻa ma mua o 200 mau wahi no kēlā me kēia mika square. Ua uhi ʻia ka wahi lele me nā wahi hoʻohālike āpau ma Los Amigos i ka wā maloʻo 2019.
Ua helu mākou i ka huina Hg nui o nā GEM i hōʻiliʻili ʻia e PAS e ka thermal desorption, fusion, a me atomic absorption spectroscopy (USEPA Method 7473) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mea kani Hydra C (Teledyne, CV-AAS). a me Technology (NIST) Mea Hoʻohālikelike Maʻamau 3133 (Hg maʻamau solution, 10.004 mg g-1) me ka palena ʻike o 0.5 ng Hg. Ua hana mākou i ka Continuous Calibration Verification (CCV) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka NIST SRM 3133 a me nā Mana Mana Manaʻo (QCS) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka NIST 1632e (bituminous coal, 135.1 mg g-1). Māhele mākou i kēlā me kēia hāpana i kahi moku ʻokoʻa, waiho ʻia ma waena o ʻelua mau ʻāpana lahilahi o ka sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) pauka, a uhi ʻia me kahi ʻāpana lahilahi o ka alumini hydroxide (Al (OH)). 3) powder67. Ua ana mākou i ka nui o ka HGR-AC maʻiʻo o kēlā me kēia hāpana e wehe i kekahi inhomogeneity i ka māhele Hg i ka sorbent HGR-AC. kela moku a me kaʻO ka HGR-AC sorbent maʻiʻo holoʻokoʻa i loko o ka PAS. Hāʻawi ʻia hoʻokahi wale nō hāpana PAS i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai kēlā me kēia kahua no nā ana ʻana i ka wā maloʻo 2018, ua hana ʻia ka mana o ka maikaʻi a me ka hōʻoia ʻana e ka hui pū ʻana i nā laʻana me nā blanks kaʻina hana, nā kūlana kūloko, a me ka matrix. -matched criteria.I ka wā ua 2018, ua hana hou mākou i nā ana o nā laʻana PAS. Ua manaʻo ʻia nā waiwai i ka wā i ʻae ʻia ka ʻokoʻa pākēneka pili (RPD) o ka CCV a me ka matrix-matched standard ana i loko o 5% o ka ʻae ʻia. waiwai, a me nā mea āpau kaʻina hana ma lalo o ka palena o ka ʻike (BDL). We blank-hoʻoponopono i ka nui o ka mercury i ana ʻia ma PAS me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā manaʻo i hoʻoholo ʻia mai ke kahua a me nā blanks huakaʻi (0.81 ± 0.18 ng g-1, n = 5). Ua helu mākou iā GEM ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka nui o ka mercury adsorbed i hoʻopololei ʻia e ka manawa hoʻolālā a me ka helu hōʻailona (ka nui o ka ea e hoʻoneʻe i ke kinoea mercury i kēlā me kēia manawa;0.135 m3 lā-1) 63,68, hoʻoponopono ʻia no ka mahana a me ka makani mai World Weather Online ʻO ka maʻamau a me nā ana makani i loaʻa no ka Madre de Dios region68. ʻO ka hewa maʻamau i hōʻike ʻia no nā ana ʻana GEM e pili ana i ka hewa o kahi kūlana waho. holo ma mua a ma hope o ka hāpana.
Ua kālailai mākou i nā laʻana wai no ka nui o ka mercury ma o ka oxidation me ka bromine chloride no ka liʻiliʻi loa he 24 mau hola, a ukali ʻia e ka stannous chloride reduction a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka pahele, ka mahu anuanu atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (CVAFS), a me ke kinoea chromatography (GC) kaʻawale (EPA Method) 1631 o ka Tekran 2600 Automatic Total Mercury Analyzer, Rev. E) .We hana CCV ma ka 2018 kau maloʻo samples me ka Ultra Scientific certified aqueous mercury standards (10 μg L-1) a me ka hoʻomaka calibration hōʻoia (ICV) me ka hoʻohana 'ana i NIST palapala kuhikuhi mea. 1641D (mercury i loko o ka wai, 1.557 mg kg-1) ) me ka palena ʻike o 0.02 ng L-1. No ka 2018 kau wai a me 2019 kau maloʻo laʻana, ua hoʻohana mākou i ka Brooks Rand Instruments Total Mercury Standard (1.0 ng L−1 ) no ka calibration a me CCV a me ka SPEX Centriprep Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) multi-element no ka ICV solution standard 2 A me ka palena ʻike o 0.5 ng L-1. Loaʻa nā kūlana āpau i loko o 15% o nā waiwai i ʻae ʻia.Field blanks, digestion blanks a me analytical blanks he mau BDL a pau.
Hoʻopaʻa mākou i ka lepo maloʻo a me nā lau lau no nā lā ʻelima. Hoʻohui mākou i nā laʻana a nānā iā lākou no ka nui o ka mercury e ka thermal decomposition, catalytic reduction, fusion, desorption, a me atomic absorption spectroscopy (EPA method 7473) ma kahi Milestone Direct Mercury Analyzer (DMA). -80) .No ka 2018 kau maloʻo laʻana, ua hana mākou DMA-80 ho'āʻo me ka NIST 1633c (lele lehu, 1005 ng g-1) a me ka National Research Council o Canada palapala kuhikuhi mea MESS-3 (marine sediment, 91 ng g. -1).Kalibi.Ua hoʻohana mākou i ka NIST 1633c no CCV a me MS a me MESS-3 no QCS me ka palena ʻike o 0.2 ng Hg. ng L−1). Ua hoʻohana mākou i ka NIST Standard Reference Material 2709a (San Joaquin soil, 1100 ng g-1) no CCV a me MS a me DORM-4 (fish protein, 410 ng g-1) no QCS me ka palena ʻike o 0.5 ng Hg.No nā kau a pau, ua kālailai mākou i nā laʻana a pau ma ke kope kope a i ʻae ʻia i ka wā i loaʻa ai ka RPD ma waena o nā laʻana ʻelua i loko o 10%. ʻO ka loaʻa hou ʻana o ka maʻamau no nā maʻamau āpau a me nā spike matrix aia i loko o 10% o nā waiwai i ʻae ʻia, a ʻo nā blanks āpau. BDL. ʻO ke kaumaha maloʻo nā mea i hōʻike ʻia.
Ua kālailai mākou i ka methylmercury i loko o ka wai laʻana mai nā mea a pau ekolu kau hana, lau laʻana mai ka 2018 kau maloʻo, a me ka lepo laʻana mai nā mea a pau ekolu kau hana. % potassium hydroxide i loko o ka methanol no ka liʻiliʻi loa 48 h ma 55°C no ka liʻiliʻi loa 70 h, a digested lepo e ka microwave me ka metala-grade HNO3 acid71,72.Hoʻopili mākou i nā laʻana o ka wā maloʻo 2018 ma ka wai ethylation me ka sodium tetraethylborate, hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me ka pahele, a me CVAFS ma kahi spectrometer Tekran 2500 (ʻano EPA 1630). kahi palena ʻike ʻano o 0.2 ng L-1. Ua loiloi mākou i nā laʻana o ka wā maloʻo 2019 me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka sodium tetraethylborate no ka ethylation wai, hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me ka pahele, CVAFS, GC, a me ICP-MS ma kahi Agilent 770 (EPA 1630) 73. Ua hoʻohana mākou. ʻO Brooks Rand Instruments methylmercury standards (1 ng L−1) no ka calibration a me CCV me ka palena ʻike ala o 1 pg. Loaʻa nā kūlana āpau i loko o 15% o nā waiwai kūpono no nā kau āpau a ʻo nā blanks āpau he BDL.
Ma kā mākou Biodiversity Institute Toxicology Laboratory (Portland, Maine, USA), ʻo 0.001 μg g-1 ka palena o ka ʻike. μg g-1), a me NIST 2710a (Montana lepo, 9.888 μg g-1) .Hoʻohana mākou i ka DOLT-5 a me CE-464 no CCV a me QCS. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o ka maʻamau no nā kūlana āpau i loko o 5% o nā waiwai ʻae ʻia, a me nā blanks āpau. ʻO BDL. Aia nā paʻi hou a pau i loko o 15% RPD. ʻO ka nui o ka mercury i hōʻike ʻia i ka hulu he paona hou (fw).
Hoʻohana mākou i nā kānana membrane 0.45 μm e kānana i nā ʻano wai no ka nānā ʻana i nā kemika hou aʻe. Ua nānā mākou i nā ʻano wai no nā anion (chloride, nitrate, sulfate) a me nā cations (calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium) e ka ion chromatography (EPA method 4110B) [USEPA, 2017a] me ka Dionex ICS 2000 ion chromatograph . Loaʻa nā kūlana āpau i loko o 10% o nā waiwai ʻae ʻia a ʻo nā blanks āpau he BDL. Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā kūlana calibration e ka dilution serial o ka maʻamau wai hōʻoia NIST 1643f. ʻO BDL nā wahi keʻokeʻo āpau.
Hoʻohana nā kahe a me nā loko a pau i hōʻike ʻia ma ka kikokikona a me nā kiʻi i nā kumu kūʻai kumu no ke kau maloʻo a me ka ua. kau maloʻo a me ka ua. Ua helu mākou i nā kahe o ka nahele mai ka Los Amigos Conservation Concession e like me ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana i ka hoʻokomo mercury ma o ka kulu a me ka lepo. a loaʻa mai ACCA ma ke noi), ua helu mākou i ka awelika kumulative o ka ua i ka makahiki i hala (2009-2018) ma kahi o 2500 mm yr-1 . 2468mm), ʻoiai ʻo nā mahina pulu loa (Ianuali, Fepeluali a me Kekemapa) ma kahi o ka hapalua o ka ua makahiki (1288mm o 2468mm) .No laila mākou e hoʻohana ai i ka awelika o ka wai a me ka maloʻo ka nui o ka manawa ma nā helu a pau a me ka wai. ʻOkoʻa nā waiwai moʻokalaleo o ka hōʻike ʻana i nā kahe mercury makahiki mai nā ululāʻau ʻoluʻolu ma waena o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o ka mercury mai ke kau maloʻo a me ka ua a i ʻole mai nā kau maloʻo wale nō, i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i kā mākou kahe i helu ʻia i nā waiwai moʻokalaleo, hoʻohālikelike mākou i kā mākou mau kahe mercury i helu ʻia, aʻo kekahi noiʻi i lawe i nā laʻana. i nā kau maloʻo a me ka pulu, a ua manaʻo hou i kā mākou mau kahe me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano mercury wale nō i ka wā maloʻo ke lawe ʻia kekahi haʻawina i nā laʻana i ke kau maloʻo wale nō (e laʻa, 74).
No ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka nui o ka mercury i kēlā me kēia makahiki o ka ua, ka ua nui a me ka ʻōpala ma Los Amigos, ua hoʻohana mākou i ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ke kau maloʻo (ka awelika o nā wahi āpau o Los Amigos ma 2018 a me 2019) a me ka wā ua (awelika o 2018) ka huina awelika. mercury concentration.No ka nui o ka nui o ka mercury ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka awelika ma waena o ke kau maloʻo 2018 a me ka wā ua 2018. No nā ukana methylmercury, ua hoʻohana mākou i ka ʻikepili mai ke kau maloʻo o 2018, ʻo ia wale nō ka makahiki i ana ʻia ai ka methylmercury. No ka hoʻohālikelike i ka litter mercury fluxes, ua hoʻohana mākou i nā helu palapala o ka litter rate a me ka mercury concentrations i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai nā lau i loko o nā hīnaʻi ʻōpala ma 417 g m-2 yr-1 ma Peruvian Amazon. ua hoʻohana mākou i ka nui o ka lepo Hg i ana ʻia (2018 a me 2019 kau maloʻo, 2018 ka ua) a me ka MeHg i ka wā maloʻo 2018, me ka nui o 1.25 g cm-3 i ka Brazilian Amazon75. Hiki iā mākou ke pe hoʻohana i kēia mau helu kālā ma ko mākou kahua aʻo nui, ʻo Los Amigos, kahi e loaʻa ai nā ʻikepili o ka ua no ka wā lōʻihi, a ma kahi o ka ululāʻau piha e ʻae ai i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kuhi ʻōpala i hōʻiliʻili mua ʻia.
Hoʻoponopono mākou i nā laina lele lidar me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kahe hana ma hope o ka hoʻokō ʻana o GatorEye multiscale, e helu ʻakomi maʻemaʻe i hui pū ʻia me nā huahana raster, me nā hiʻohiʻona kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe (DEM) ma 0.5 × 0.5 m hoʻonā. Ua hoʻohana mākou i ka DEM a hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā ao kiko lidar (WGS-84, UTM 19S Meter) ma ke ʻano he hoʻokomo i ke kahe hana ʻo GatorEye Leaf Area Density (G-LAD), e helu ana i nā kuhi ʻāpana lau i hoʻopaʻa ʻia no kēlā me kēia voxel (m3) (m2) ma ka honua ma ka piko o ka canopy ma kahi hoʻonā o 1 × 1 × 1 m, a me ka LAI i loaʻa (ka huina o LAD i loko o kēlā me kēia kolamu kū pololei 1 × 1 m).
Hana mākou i nā hōʻike helu helu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka R version 3.6.1 statistical software76 a me nā hiʻohiʻona āpau e hoʻohana ana i ka ggplot2. Ua hana mākou i nā hoʻokolohua helu me ka alpha o 0.05. Ua loiloi ʻia ka pilina ma waena o ʻelua mau mea hoʻololi quantitative me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka regression mau huinahā liʻiliʻi. ka ho'āʻo Kruskal nonparametric a me ka hoʻāʻo ʻelua ʻo Wilcox.
Hiki ke loaʻa nā ʻikepili a pau i loko o kēia manuscript ma ka ʻIke Hoʻohui a me nā faila ʻikepili pili.
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Ka manawa hoʻouna: Feb-24-2022